Mirza, H., Mandell, E. W., Kinsella, J. P., McNamara, P. J. & Abman, S. H. Pulmonary vascular phenotypes of prematurity: the path to precision medicine. J. Pediatr. 259, 113444 (2023).
Arjaans, S. et al. Clinical significance of early pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants. J. Pediatr. 251, 74–81.e3 (2022).
Kim, H. H. et al. Early pulmonary hypertension is a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated late pulmonary hypertension in extremely preterm infants. Sci. Rep. 11, 11206 (2021).
Mirza, H. et al. Natural history of postnatal cardiopulmonary adaptation in infants born extremely preterm and risk for death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J. Pediatr. 198, 187–193.e181 (2018).
Nakanishi, H., Suenaga, H., Uchiyama, A. & Kusuda, S. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in extremely preterm infants: a Japanese cohort study. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 103, F554–F561 (2018).
Al-Ghanem, G. et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension: a meta-analysis. J. Perinatol. 37, 414–419 (2017).
Arjaans, S. et al. Identification of gaps in the current knowledge on pulmonary hypertension in extremely preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 32, 258–267 (2018).
Ruoss, J. L., Rios, D. R. & Levy, P. T. Updates on management for acute and chronic phenotypes of neonatal pulmonary hypertension. Clin. Perinatol. 47, 593–615 (2020).
Goss, K. Long-term pulmonary vascular consequences of perinatal insults. J. Physiol. 597, 1175–1184 (2019).
Seth, S. A., Soraisham, A. S. & Harabor, A. Risk factors and outcomes of early pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 31, 3147–3152 (2018).
Check, J. et al. Fetal growth restriction and pulmonary hypertension in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J. Perinatol. 33, 553–557 (2013).
Kim, D.-H. et al. Risk factors for pulmonary artery hypertension in preterm infants with moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Neonatology 101, 40–46 (2011).
Taglauer, E., Abman, S. H. & Keller, R. L. Recent advances in antenatal factors predisposing to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin. Perinatol. 42, 413–424 (2018).
Abman, S. H. Pulmonary hypertension: the hidden danger for newborns. Neonatology 118, 211–217 (2021).
Polglase, G. R. et al. Intrauterine inflammation causes pulmonary hypertension and cardiovascular sequelae in preterm lambs. J. Appl. Physiol. 108, 1757–1765 (2010).
Williams, O., Hutchings, G., Hubinont, C., Debauche, C. & Greenough, A. Pulmonary effects of prolonged oligohydramnios following mid-trimester rupture of the membranes–antenatal and postnatal management. Neonatology 101, 83–90 (2012).
Mohseni-Bod, H. & Bohn, D. Pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 16, 126–133 (2007).
Barros, F. C. et al. The distribution of clinical phenotypes of preterm birth syndrome: implications for prevention. JAMA Pediatr. 169, 220–229 (2015).
Maron, B. A. & Abman, S. H. Translational advances in the field of pulmonary hypertension. Focusing on developmental origins and disease inception for the prevention of pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 195, 292–301 (2017).
Barrington, K. J., Finer, N. & Pennaforte, T. Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, Cd000509 (2017).
Villar, J. et al. Association between preterm-birth phenotypes and differential morbidity, growth, and neurodevelopment at age 2 years: results from the INTERBIO-21st newborn study. JAMA Pediatr. 175, 483–493 (2021).
Chang, Y. S., Park, H.-Y. & Park, W. S. The Korean neonatal network: an overview. J. Korean Med. Sci. 30, S3–S11 (2015).
Singh, Y. & Lakshminrusimha, S. Pathophysiology and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Clin. Perinatol. 48, 595–618 (2021).
Bacher, J, Wenzig, K & Vogler, M. SPSS TwoStep Cluster—a First Evaluation. (Department of Sociology, Social Science Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University: Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, 2004) 1–30.
Kent, P., Jensen, R. K. & Kongsted, A. A comparison of three clustering methods for finding subgroups in MRI, SMS or clinical data: SPSS TwoStep cluster analysis, latent gold and snob. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 14, 113 (2014).
Rohan, J. M. et al. Identification of self-management patterns in pediatric type 1 diabetes using cluster analysis. Pediatr. Diabetes 12, 611–618 (2011).
Huang, R. C. et al. Importance of cardiometabolic risk factors in the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and arterial stiffness in adolescents. Hepatology 58, 1306–1314 (2013).
Kaufman L. & Rousseeuw P. J. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis (John Wiley & Sons, 2005).
Finken, M. J. J. et al. Children born small for gestational age: differential diagnosis, molecular genetic evaluation, and implications. Endocr. Rev. 39, 851–894 (2018).
Goldenberg, R. L., Hauth, J. C. & Andrews, W. W. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1500–1507 (2000).
Mourani, P. M. et al. Early pulmonary vascular disease in preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 191, 87–95 (2015).
Mehler, K. et al. An echocardiographic screening program helps to identify pulmonary hypertension in extremely low birthweight infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a single-center experience. Neonatology 113, 81–88 (2018).
Sallmon, H. et al. Extremely premature infants born at 23–25 weeks gestation are at substantial risk for pulmonary hypertension. J. Perinatol. 42, 781–787 (2022).
Kramer, B. W. et al. Decreased expression of angiogenic factors in placentas with chorioamnionitis after preterm birth. Pediatr. Res. 58, 607–612 (2005).
Miller, J. D., Benjamin, J. T., Kelly, D. R., Frank, D. B. & Prince, L. S. Chorioamnionitis stimulates angiogenesis in saccular stage fetal lungs via CC chemokines. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 298, L637–L645 (2010).
Yum, S. K. et al. Impact of histologic chorioamnionitis on pulmonary hypertension and respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. Pulm. Circ. 8, 2045894018760166 (2018).
Kim, S. Y. et al. Neonatal morbidities associated with histologic chorioamnionitis defined based on the site and extent of inflammation in very low birth weight infants. J. Korean Med. Sci. 30, 1476–1482 (2015).
Villamor-Martinez, E. et al. Association of chorioamnionitis with bronchopulmonary dysplasia among preterm infants: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression. JAMA Netw. Open 2, e1914611–e1914611 (2019).
Wu, C.-S., Chen, C.-M. & Chou, H.-C. Pulmonary hypoplasia induced by oligohydramnios: findings from animal models and a population-based study. Pediatr. Neonatol. 58, 3–7 (2017).
Kim, Y. J., Shin, S. H., Park, H. W., Kim, E. K. & Kim, H. S. Risk factors of early pulmonary hypertension and its clinical outcomes in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 12, 14186 (2022).
Daayana, S., Baker, P. & Crocker, I. An image analysis technique for the investigation of variations in placental morphology in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia with and without intrauterine growth restriction. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig. 11, 545–552 (2004).
Gumina, D. L., Black, C. P., Balasubramaniam, V., Winn, V. D. & Baker, C. D. Umbilical cord blood circulating progenitor cells and endothelial colony-forming cells are decreased in preeclampsia. Reprod. Sci. 24, 1088–1096 (2017).
Di Fiore, J. M. et al. Patterns of oxygenation, mortality, and growth status in the surfactant positive pressure and oxygen trial cohort. J. Pediatr. 186, 49–56.e41 (2017).
Walsh, M. C. et al. Association of oxygen target and growth status with increased mortality in small for gestational age infants: further analysis of the surfactant, positive pressure and pulse oximetry randomized trial. JAMA Pediatr. 170, 292–294 (2016).
Boghossian, N. S., Geraci, M., Edwards, E. M. & Horbar, J. D. Morbidity and mortality in small for gestational age infants at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation. Pediatrics 141, e20172533 (2018).
Breinig, S. et al. Pulmonary hypertension among preterm infants born at 22 through 32 weeks gestation in France: prevalence, survival, morbidity and management in the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. Early Hum. Dev. 184, 105837 (2023).
Ryu, Young, H., Oh, S., Sohn, J. & Lee, J. The associations between antenatal corticosteroids and in-hospital outcomes of preterm singleton appropriate for gestational age neonates according to the presence of maternal histologic chorioamnionitis. Neonatology 116, 369–375 (2019).
Bird, A. D., Choo, Y. L., Hooper, S. B., McDougall, A. R. & Cole, T. J. Mesenchymal glucocorticoid receptor regulates the development of multiple cell layers of the mouse lung. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 50, 419–428 (2014).
Bridges, J. P. et al. Glucocorticoid regulates mesenchymal cell differentiation required for perinatal lung morphogenesis and function. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 319, L239–l255 (2020).
Konduri, G. G., Bakhutashvili, I., Eis, A. & Afolayan, A. Antenatal betamethasone improves postnatal transition in late preterm lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatr. Res. 73, 621–629 (2013).
El-Saie, A. et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia—associated pulmonary hypertension: an updated review. Semin. Perinatol. 47, 151817 (2023).
